Abstracts 2008

By Aftab Ahmad
Chief Executive
Pangrio Sugar Mills Limited

Introduction

Mills’ stoppage data, during the operations, are recorded as part of management information support to take to immediate remedial measures and rectify the problems. But significance of mills’ stoppages data extends beyond MIS. Stoppages data are like a mirror showing the position with regard to mills quality of preparation and management policies. While mills’ stoppages are unavoidable, the intensity and frequency of stoppages speak of the true health of the factory and, perhaps, this is the objective of recording and reporting of mills’ stoppages data. Future planning and budgeting of mills preparation and maintenance significantly depend on mills stoppages data by causes.

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COMMUNICATION PROCESS AT WORK PLACE

By
Junaid Akber Shah

It is often complained that subordinates misunderstand and do not properly carry the ideas and instructions. But it is forgotten that what is their background and from which culture the employee belongs. Communication is one of the main problems at workplace. Briefly it is transmission of ideas and thoughts or exchange of information in an effective way. The main objective of communication is to improve performance. In business, mainly we deal with the oral and written communication. Non-verbal communication is the essence of the management. Proper education is must in this field. It has been observed that most of the time people keep hurting by flaunting their weaknesses.
Thousands of words are on our disposal and with the appropriate use of these words employees can be made to feel happy and work with pleasure. Your attention, words and actions play a major role in communication. Managers and supervisors have to be aware of other people and have exert themselves to ensure that the other person understands them. Eye contacts, smile, personal space, gesture, dressing, sense, body language; all reflect your attitude and approach towards your business. This case study will enable the managers to choose courteous behavior, actions and words as to be respected more and achieve results.

THE RIGHT CHOICE OF LUBRICANTS FOR SUGAR INDUSTRY

By Irfan P. Butt
Manager
Industrial Lubricants
Pakistan State Oil Company Limited

Major Topics:
Primary Function of Lubricants
Significance of Base Oils & Additives in blending lubricants for Sugar Mill Applications
Selection Criteria of lubricants for Sugar Mill Equipment/Machinery Lubrication
High Performance Lubricants for Sugar Industry
Lubricants Experience in Sugar Industry

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By Tariq Qamar
Manager Food Operation.
Lead Auditor and Trainer

The Food industry can play a major role in the growth of Pakistan by making massive contribution towards strength the state economy. Exports are, perhaps, the most important of this contribution. In WTO scenario Pakistan has to go long way to flourish in this segment of the export market. Pakistan has to go long way to flourish in this segment of the export market. Pakistan access to food export market greatly depending on its capacity to the challenges of WTO.

In food sector these challenges deals with the Food safety issues those have attracted international attention because they play an increasingly important role in determining whether developing countries can access to export market.

The main WTO Challenges related to food industry are Food Safety Management System (HACCP), British Retail Consortium (BRC), ISO 22000:2005 (Food Safety Management System) and Global GAP (Good Agronomical Practices). These standards are of course very important as it goes both consumer and the relevant Government Authorities, guideline for Quality in Food Industry.

This paper presents awareness to these standards especially ISO 22000-2005 for making a workable plan to reduce gaps to fulfill requirements of Food Safety Management System.

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By Vivek Verma
Chairman & Manageing Director
Spray Engineering Devices Limited

The Sugar Industry today faces numerous challenges in the new technological and economic scenario. To cope up with these challenges, sugar projects have to align themselves with the environment ensuring that every Joule of energy is properly consumed and every possible by product is efficiently made.

With the implementation of WTO an increase in international trade is visible resulting in a very unpredictable sugar price. On the other hand the price of sugar cane is already on the rise. So in a situation where Input costs and output prices both are uncontrollable the industry has to substantially improve its efficiencies and utilization of by-products.

The role of the sugar technologist is now extended from mere sugar producer to a techno-economic expert who understands the economic impact of saving 0.5% steam on cane. Various technologies and processes have been adopted by factories around the world to improve efficiencies and reduce production costs making sugar projects economically viable.

This paper is focused on the measures that are crucial for the economic survival of the sugar industry. There is a detailed coverage on energy efficiency and by product utilization with its economic impact in the long term.

Key terms: Energy Efficiency, Steam Saving, Co generation, By-product

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By H.A. Naqvi and Muhammad Hashim Rajar**
Technical Director and Dy: Managing Director,
Sanghar Sugar Mills Ltd.

Frost fermentation of c-massecuite in vertical crystallizer was experienced at Sanghar Sugar Mills Ltd. during mid of the season 2007-2008. Also at the tail end of the same season, foamy fermentation and spontaneous combustion of molasses in steel storage tank was observed. The possible causes of the came could be attributed towards elongated crushing season. Lower cane juice purities, milling of old harvesting cane, higher temperature at pans and of C-massecutie during centrifugal operation etc.
To avoid such incident, various preventive measures have been suggested.

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By Mohammad Sarfaraz Khan
Technical Manager Bawany Sugar Mills Ltd

Pakistan facing an awful power crisis nowadays, 8 - 16 hours daily load shedding becomes part and parcel of our country men. However, various adhoc steps are being taken by government to improve the situation but unfortunately conditions are not appreciably improved. Government Officials are claiming 500 MW saving with fore hour strategy but this is not a perfect solution to meet such situations.

Pakistan Sugar Industry, 2nd largest one, , in order to contribute its share in this hour of crises, it moves towards sugar mill base co-generation power plants. This activity will add certain Power to National Grid to improve situation in near future. The presentation will broadly discuss related aspects regarding induction of co-generation technology in the existing system in terms of Technical Possibilities, Implement realities, financial impacts & attainable utilities.

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By H.A. Naqvi, Muhamamd Sohrab Khan and S.M. Moazzam**
Technical Director, General Manager Technical, Shaghar Sugar Mills Ltd.

Abstract
The mills auto-feed system was installed and operated in Sanghar Sugar Mills Ltd. during the crushing season 2007-2008 with the installation of auto-system the cutter chokes were reduced, regular feed was available to the mills and Donnelly chute overflow was avoided. All these factors results in the overall improvements in the working results i.e. reduction in crushing stoppage at the mills, about 12 % higher crushing rate improved milling results.

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By R S Saluja,
Concave Consultancy Services, INDIA.

Abstract
There can be many configurations of Evaporator. But the best would be where Syrup Brix is around 64 and Condenser Vapor load is approaching Zero. Author has described various configurations to suit existing setup with some modifications, so that steam consumptions can be reduced.
In doing some conventional and some non conventional methods have been suggested based on Author’s experience in Indian Sugar Mills, where these systems are working.
Author has also described ways to enhance the performance of existing evaporator bodies.

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By M.S.Sundaram, T.S.Rao
J P Mukherji & Associates Pvt. Ltd., Pune, India.

Abstract
In a plantation white sugar project with integrated surplus power cogeneration, it is of utmost importance that the overall engineering designs are well thought out so that the sugar factory can efficiently support the cogeneration plant. Bagasse based cogeneration is essentially a sugar factory project and not a power plant project. Sizing and configuration of cogeneration boilers and turbines must match the operating characteristics of the sugar factory energy demand. Similarly, it is important that the specifications of the sugar factory are also optimized so that it can efficiently support the power plant. Energy Saved is Energy Generated.

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By MUKUND MAHAJAN and SACHIN B. NIKAM

Abstract
Milling station being the 1st station which receives cane is most important station. This station decides the overall efficiency of the plant and is also a major power consuming station. Efforts were being made to improve mill designs to reduce power consumption and enhance efficiency.

Their had been a keen interest in research and development towards designing and establishing an ideal and superior Mill as a positive and effective alternative to conventional Three Roller and other types of Mills. Two Roller Mills of various types have been introduced in the Cane Sugar Industry. However it was noticed that there was no effective mill feeding system and we found this was the crucial factor for further development and application of two roller milling technology. The other disadvantage of those Two Roller Mills was that they could not be readily used in existing Mill Tandems, with existing drives.

Ulka Industries Ltd., Pune, India have carried experiments in this area and have designed and Patented Trash plate less Two Roller Mills with pressure chute-less and upgradeable multi roller mill feeding system as Ulka CMR Mills – Compact Multi Roller Mills.

The Ulka Two Roller Mills are thoughtfully designed in such a manner that these can be readily installed on existing foundations in place of existing conventional mills using existing drives also. Thus the factories can achieve highest output and efficiency at a minimum cost.

There are more than 10 installations of Ulka CMR mills up till now and observed advantages observed are of enhanced efficiency, reduced bagasse moisture about 47.5 % and 25 % less power than that by conventional mill. This paper deals with details of such installation, its configuration and working results.

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By Mohammad Sarfaraz Khan
Technical Manager
Bawany Sugar Mills Limited
Talhar, District Badin

Abstract
3 M’s Management, Machine & Manpower have collective impact to ensure plant Productivity. However, management strategies improve manpower planning, while efficient machines or equipments are introduced to improve productivity & conserve energy. Where as manpower ensures ultimate utility. But all these would be possible if plants will run without interruptions. Therefore, targeted benchmark maintenance is the sole possibility to attain in an economical manner. Heavy duty machines like Unigrator, shredder or Fibrizer are the integral aspects of our sugar milling plants. These machines have massive influence on the overall performance of the milling tandems. The order of the moment, such devices should be optimize in terms of efficiency and capacity utilization. The paper comprises on the engineering aspects that have been made during annual maintenance of TONGATT shredder at Bawany sugar mills limited that significantly improve performance. Failure analysis, Maintenance strategies, Power variation, Momentum impact, Speed & others will broadly discuss in the presentation.

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By Hayat Ur Rehman and Amir Hassan Dahiri

Abstract

Sanghar Sugar Mills Ltd. was confronted with the problem of high purity of final molasses resulting in higher sugar losses in processing from the very start of the mills i.e. 1987-88. Various measures were taken during all these years to minimize the sugar losses in molasses but not with much success. During the crushing season 2007-20087, a continuous pan with vertical SS tubes was added, and after comprehensive test & trial etc. the final molasses purity was reduced to 29-30 at the end i.e. during last 6-8 weeks of operation.

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By R S Saluja,
Concave Consultancy Services, INDIA.

Based on experience of author in Pak, Indian and other few Countries, Author has tried to prove by calculations, the basics of Mill roller groove pitch and angle. He has also analyzed the reason behind high moisture % bagasse in many Pak Sugar Mills as compared to that in Indian and few other countries based on drainage area available for juice, He has also tried to analyze why groove design is different than that in other few Countries and methodology to improve the results.

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By M S Sundaram and T S Rao
J P Mukherji & Associates Pvt Ltd., Pune, India.

In addition to stabilization of operations at cane preparation, milling sections and juice flow stabilization at the process section, the Steam Pressure Stabilization system is the need of the sugar industry for maintaining a stabilized operating condition at the evaporator station. The principle of operation and the control valves and other equipment required for this system are explained. By adopting this system the pan vapour pressure, exhaust steam pressure and also the live steam pressure are maintained fairly constant. The results achieved from one of the sugar factory in Uttar Pradesh are highlighted in this article.

Keywords: Stabilization, Steam pressures.

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By MISRI KHAN KHOSO
Chief Electrical Engineer, Matiari Sugar Mills Limited, Matiari

The paper defines power factor. It enlists the advantages and disadvantages of high power factor. It also describes the causes and disadvantage of low power Factor. Various methods of improving the power factor are described and compared.
The understanding and application of these phenomena enables achievement of a more energy efficient electrical operation.

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By
Sanaullah
Production Manager
Matiari Sugar Mills Limited.

Introduction
To increase plant capacity from 4000 to 4500 TCD, a BMR was exercised last year.
Most of the equipments were in accordance with the objective BMR capacity. Some required equipments were added where it was necessary like Toothed roller at mills for capacity & efficiency improvement and 350 m2 H.S Last effect and Vapor line juice heater for energy conservation. The two areas i.e. vacuum problem at pans & evaporator and B pan capacity were the bottleneck for process even at 3800 – 4000 tcd. It was decided to increase the capacity of both the problematic areas by improving efficiency.

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By Ghulam Hussain Hingoro
Senior Chemist,
Matiari Sugar Mills Limited, Matiari

Introduction
We at Matiari Sugar Mill hope to achieve a modest increase in the crushing rate from 167 TCH to 187 TCH without any major addition of equipment and source of steam and power. This calls for increasing vigilance over the consumption of heat energy available in the shape of live steam, exhaust, vapour and hot water condensate. It is no secret for distinguished technologists sitting in this August gathering that maintenance of desired temperatures at various stages of the manufacture of sugar is quite a task. This is all the more relevant when we are required, as matter of policy to continuously maintain higher crushing rate.

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By *Dr. Muhammad Afzal, *Dr. Arshad Ali Chattha, *Muhammad Munir,
**Muhammad Umer Chattha and **Muhammad Bilal

Abstract
The experiment was laid out at Sugarcane Research Institute; Faisalabad during spring 2003 in Split Plot Design with two factors i.e. mulches and irrigation methods. Mulches were studied in sub plots of 4.80 x 6 m and irrigation methods in main plots with four replications. The mulch treatments comprised of press-mud @ 7 and 14 t ha-1, inter-culture, bagasse @ 5 t ha-1 and trash @ 4 t ha-1 with check as standard. Whereas irrigation methods comprised of normal and alternate skip irrigation methods. The data showed that normal irrigation of 1600 mm is superior over alternate skip irrigation for mill able canes ‘000’ ha-1 (118.06) and cane yield t ha-1 (108.82). Mulches were significantly better than no mulch for cane yield and its contributing factors under study. The maximum tillers plant-1 (2.82) and mill able canes ‘000’ ha-1 (128.13) were produced by trash mulch and inter-culture practices, respectively. The maximum cane yield of 117.4 t ha-1 was also produced by trash mulch and is statistically at par with inter-culture (111.70 t ha-1) and bagasse mulch (110.80 t ha-1). The maximum sugar yield t ha-1 (16.47) was produced by trash mulch, followed by inter-culture (15.86) and bagasse mulch (15.52), while the lowest by press-mud @ 14 t ha-1 (12.85 t ha-1) and no mulch (13.20 t ha-1). Normal irrigation in trenches improved water use efficiency by 50% (saved 800 mm water) over conventional flood irrigation method in furrows. In addition to 50% improvement in water use efficiency in trench planting, alternate skip irrigation further improved water use efficiency by reducing the irrigation interval The water saving in these irrigation methods was achieved without sacrificing cane yield, CCS% as well as CCS t/ha.

Keywords: water use efficiency, mulches, sugarcane, interculture, bagasse, trash mulch, cane yield, germination %age
__________________________________________________________________
* Sugarcane Research Institute, Faisalabad.
** Ph.D. Students, Department of Agronomy, University of Agric. Faisalabad.

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By Riaz Ahmad
Technical Services Manager
Fauji Fertilizer Company Limited

Abstract
Soil samples (16075) from sugarcane growing areas of three provinces (Punjab, Sindh and NWFP) were collected and analyzed for soil texture, pH, organic matter, phosphorus and potassium content in FFC Labs. In addition, 419 samples for micronutrients (Fe, Zn, and B) status were analyzed. Last five years’ results revealed that 78% soils of sugarcane areas are medium in texture and 100% soils are alkaline in reaction (pH> 8.0). About 73% soils are low in organic matter content, 94% soils are deficient in available P content and 37% are low in available K contents. As far as micronutrient status is concerned Fe is adequate in all soils of sugarcane areas but Zn and B is deficient in 96% & 44% soils, respectively. The present use of N, P and K in sugarcane is imbalanced and very well below than the recommended rate especially Potassium which is used in negligibly low quantity. In spite of clear cut deficiency of Zn and B micronutrients are not used in sugarcane crop in all sugarcane areas which is one of the causes of low sugarcane yield in Pakistan.

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By
*Dr. Arshad Ali Chattha, *Dr. Muhammad Afzal, *Muhammad Munir
**Muhammad Umer Chattha & Muhammad Bilal

Abstract
The experiment was designed in R.C.B.D. with four replications at Sugarcane Research Institute, Faisalabad. The objective of study was to find out water saving and obtain better cane yield under different planting techniques i.e. sowing in 45 and 60 cm apart furrows and 60, 90 and 120 cm apart trenches. The trial was sown in spring 2003 with HSF-240 as test variety and a plot size of 3.60 x 6.50 m. The standard quantity of water (4000 mm ha-1) was applied to 45 and 60 cm apart furrows, while 3000 mm ha-1 water was applied to 60 cm apart trenches, 2500 mm ha-1 to 90 cm apart trenches and 2000 mm ha-1 to 120 cm apart trenches. The data revealed that one tone of fresh stripped cane was produced with 40.10 and 39.60 mm water ha-1 by flooding furrows of 45 and 60 cm with 4000 mm water ha-1. Whereas, application of 28.63 mm water ha-1 produced one tone fresh cane with 3000 mm water ha-1 in 60 cm apart trenches. On the other hand 90 cm spaced trenches with 2500 mm water ha-1 produced one tone of cane with 18.90 mm water ha-1 and trench planting with wider row spacing of 120 cm required only 15 mm water ha-1 to produce a tone of cane on fresh weight basis with 2000 mm water ha-1. The maximum water use efficiency as compared to 45 and 60 cm apart furrows was 167. and 164% in 120 cm apart trenches with 2000 mm water ha-1. The water use efficiencies of other planting techniques like 60 and 90 cm apart trenches was higher than the sowing in furrows at 45 and 60 cm. Planting technique of 90 cm apart trenches also gave better water use efficiency than 60 cm apart trenches. Although, 90 cm and 120 cm apart trenches produced statistically similar cane yield of 132.3 and 133.5 t ha-1, yet 120 cm apart trenches had the highest water use efficiency %age.

* Sugarcane Research Institute, Faisalabad
** Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Agronomy, University of Agri. Faisalabad

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By *Dr.Javed Iqbal, *Dr. Arshad Ali Chattha, *Dr. Shahid Bashir
**Muhammad Bilal, & **Munawar Shahzad.

Abstract
A field experiment with 19 sugarcane varieties / promising clones was conducted to compare their yield and quality in autumn season during 2006-2007 at the Sugarcane Research Institute, Faisalabad, under the standard practices of crop management. The genotypes under investigations were CP 85-1491, CP 80-1827, S2002-US-560, S2002-US-637, S2002-US-640, S2000-CPSG-449, S2000-CPSG-1550, LRK-2003, LRK-2004, GT-11, CP.NIA 82-223, CP.NIA 82-1026, HOTH-127, HOTH-300, HOTH-326, CPD 01-245, CPD 01-354, CPD 01-335 and HSF-240. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications, having net plot size of 3.6 m x 5.0 m. Different genotypes behaved differently for the quantitative and qualitative characters investigated. The variety LRK-2004 gave the maximum yield of 139.94 t ha-1 followed by S2002-US-637 (133.28 t ha-1), while the minimum yield was recorded in HOTH-127 (44.98 t ha-1) and CPD 01-335 (44.98 t ha-1). The promising line S2002-US-637 remained at the top of the list by producing the highest tonnage of sugar i.e.14.54 t ha-1 followed by LRK-2003 (13.53 t ha-1) during 2006-07, where as the minimum sugar yield was observed in HOTH-127 (4.12 t ha-1).

Key words: Investigate, yield potential, promising clone, management, genotype, tonnage

* Sugarcane Research Institute, Faisalabad.
** Ph.D. Scholars, Department of Agronomy, University of Agri. Faisalabad.

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By *Muhammad Munir, *Dr. Arshad Ali Chattha, *Dr. Muhammad Afzal,
*Hafiz Walayat Ali Khan and **Dr. Shahid Bashir

Abstract
Nine early and thirteen medium/late maturing sugarcane varieties/lines were screened for their relative degree of resistance/susceptibility against sugarcane borers during the years 2005-06 and 2006-07 in spring season. Significant variation was recorded in different varieties / lines against borers damage and none of the variety was observed to be immune to borers attack. Among the total twenty two varieties / lines, ten were found resistant, eleven moderately resistant and one moderately susceptible. Average borer infestation was 5.21% on dead heart basis and 5.52% on inter-node damage basis in medium / late maturing varieties while in early maturing varieties dead heart %age was 3.82 and internodes damage %age was 4.58. Hence less borer infestation was recorded in early maturing varieties / lines than medium / late maturing varieties in spring season.

Key words: Sugarcane varieties, borer infestation %age, resistance, susceptibility, screening.

* Sugarcane Research Institute, Faisalabad.

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By
*Muhammad Aslam and **Dr. Arshad Ali Chattha

Abstract
Agro-economic studies on inter-cropping raya by gupchat and drill methods in autumn planted sugarcane were carried out at Sugarcane Research Station, Khanpur during the years 2006 and 2007. Sugarcane was sown in September alone and in combination with raya varieties i.e. Khanpur and Anmol and after harvesting raya in March by gupchat and drill methods.

The results indicated non-significant effect of inter-crop on germination and significant on cane yield and its other attributing characters. Cane planted alone surpassed in yield (114.55 t ha-1) and its allied components. However, the additional harvests of inter-crop raised the net income of intercropping treatments ranging from Rs. 86,490/- to Rs. 1,06,660/- as compared with alone sugarcane with lowest net income of Rs. 69,520/- ha-1.

Keywords: Sugarcane, inter-cropping, Khanpur raya and Anmol raya

* Sugarcane Research Station, Khanpur
** Sugarcane Research Institute, Faisalabad

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By *M. Zafarullah Khan, *Dr. Muhammad Yasin, *Dr. Arshad Ali Chattha,
*Dr. Muhammad Afzal, *Dr. Shahid Bashir, **Muhammad Umer Chattha
and *Munawar Shahzad

Abstract
Six varieties viz; SPF-244, S2002-US-698, CP 85-1491, S2002-US-771, HSF-240 and HSF-242 and five different number of buds per sett were tested in a split plot design with three replications keeping varieties in main plots and number of buds per sett in sub plots at the farm of Sugarcane Research Institute, Faisalabad during the years 2005-06 and 2006-07 in autumn season. Different number of buds per sett i.e. 2 to 6 did not show any response towards germination %age. However, different varieties behaved differently for different no. of buds per setts. Pooled data for both the years showed that clones/varieties CP 85-1491, S2002-US-771 and HSF-242 gave maximum germination %age of 45.36, 39.54 and 36.17 with two budded setts, respectively. While S2002-US-698 and HSF-240 gave 39.53 and 29.07 %age with four budded setts. The variety SPF-244 gave 35.22% germination with six budded setts.

Key words: No. of buds sett-1, autumn planted sugarcane, cultivars.

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By *Dr. Muhammad Yasin, *Dr. Arshad Ali Chattha,
*Dr. Muhammad Azhar Munir and **Muhammd Bilal

Abstract
Effect of time of “P” application on yield and quality of spring planted sugarcane variety HSF-240 was determined in 2004-05. Treatments were comprised of full dose of “P” at sowing, full dose of “P” after completion of germination, full dose of “P” at earthing up, ½ dose of “P” at sowing + ½ dose of “P” just after completion of germination, ½ dose of “P” at sowing + ½ dose of “P” at earthing up, ½ dose of “P” just after completion of germination + ½ dose of “P” at earthing up. The maximum cane yield of 105.40 t/ha was recorded for full dose of “P” application at sowing followed by 100.7 t/ha cane yield when full dose of “P was applied after completion of germination. Whereas, CCS% remained non-significant in all treatments ranging from 14.17 to 14.61%, respectively.
Keywords: Time of “P” application, sowing spring planted sugarcane, yield, and quality.

* Sugarcane Research Institute, Faisalabad.
** Ph.D. Student, Deptt. Of Agronomy, University of Agri. Faisalabad.
* Sugarcane Research Institute, Faisalabad
** Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Agronomy, University of Agri. Faisalabad.

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By *Hafiz Muhammad Walayat Ali Khan, *Dr. Arshad Ali Chattha,
*Muhammad Munir and **Amjad Zia

Abstract
Twenty five (25) sugarcane clones / lines were evaluated for their resistance against whip smut pathogen under field conditions by inoculating the disease pathogen during 2006-08 in autumn season at Sugarcane Research Institute, Faisalabad. Out of twenty five (25) clones, twelve (12) were found resistant, four (4) moderately resistant, five (5) moderately susceptible and four (4) had susceptible reaction against the disease.

Keywords: Sugarcane clones, evaluation, pathogen, reaction.

* Sugarcane Research Institute, Faisalabad.
** M.Sc. Student, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agri. Faisalabad.

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By Dr. Amjad Pervez,
Syed Muzaffar Ahmed and Syeda Azra Tariq
Vertebrate Pest Control Institute, Southern-Zone Agriculture Research Center,
Pakistan Agriculture Research Council, Karachi university campus, Karachi 752700

Sugarcane crop is heavily damaged by a complex of rodent species including Bandicota bengalensis, Nesokia indica, Millardia meltade and Mus booduga and wild boar, Sus scrofa. The damage can be of two type, internodal damage and root damage especially in lodged cane. The damaged cane become infested with microorganism and other physiological stress, resulting in reduction in weight and sugar recovery. It has been estimated that loss of sugar yield varies in the range of 2-6 tonne/hectare, however for each 10% damage, mean sugar loss was recorded 3.7% (range 3-4%).
To manage the rodents and wild boar pest, Integrated Pest Management approach was tested and pest management model is designed for its adoption by cane growers. The proposed model is a combination of mechanical, chemical and habit manipulation approaches which will help to enhance the crop yield through minimizing pest infestation.

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